Verbs are
also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the
new policy) or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive
committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is
straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the
sentence along. In the passive
voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is
acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new
policy was approved). Computerized grammar checkers can pick out a passive
voice construction from miles away and ask you to revise it to a more active
construction. There is nothing inherently wrong with the passive voice, but if
you can say the same thing in the active mode, do so (see exceptions below).
Your text will have more pizzazz as a result, since passive verb constructions
tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid actual work.
We find an
overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by self-protective
business interests, magniloquent educators, and bombastic military writers (who
must get weary of this accusation), who use the passive voice to avoid
responsibility for actions taken. Thus "Cigarette ads were designed to
appeal especially to children" places the burden on the ads — as opposed
to "We designed the cigarette ads to appeal especially to children,"
in which "we" accepts responsibility. At a White House press briefing
we might hear that "The President was advised that certain members of
Congress were being audited" rather than "The Head of the Internal
Revenue service advised the President that her agency was auditing certain
members of Congress" because the passive construction avoids responsibility
for advising and for auditing. One further caution about the passive voice: we
should not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence: "The
executive committee approved the new policy, and the calendar for next year's
meetings was revised" should be recast as "The executive committee
approved the new policy and revised the calendar for next year's meeting."
Take the quiz (below) as an exercise in recognizing and changing passive verbs.The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful (even recommended) in two situations.
·
When it is more important to draw our attention to the
person or thing acted upon: The unidentified victim was apparently struck
during the early morning hours.
·
When the actor in the situation is not important: The
aurora borealis can be observed in the early morning hours.
The passive
voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or
technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but
the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of
writing "I poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker," we would write
"Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive voice
is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details
of process are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the
action: "The first coat of primer paint is applied immediately after the
acid rinse."
We use the
passive voice to good effect in a paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis
from what was the object in a first sentence to what becomes the subject in
subsequent sentences.
The
executive committee approved an entirely new policy for dealing with academic
suspension and withdrawal. The policy had been written by a subcommittee on
student behavior. If students withdraw from course work before suspension can
take effect, the policy states, a mark of "IW" .
The
paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it is appropriate that policy move
from being the object in the first sentence to being the subject of the second
sentence. The passive voice allows for this transition.
Ø Simple Present Tense
Subyek + (is, am, are) + Past Participle
Active : He
bites the dog
Passive : The dog is bitten
by him
Ø
Present
Continuous Tense
Subyek + (is, am, are) + Being + Past Participle
Active : She is driving a
car
Passive : A car is being
driven by her
Ø
Present
Perfect Tense
Subyek + Have/has + Been + Past Participle
Active : I have closed the
door
Passive : The door have
been closed by me
Ø
Present
Perfect Continuous Tense
Subyek + Have/has +Been + Being + Past Participle
Active : George has been
writing the lesson
Passive : The lesson has
been being written by George
Ø
Simple Past
Tense
Subyek + Was/were + Past Participle
Active : He painted the
wall yesterday
Passive : The wall was
painted by him yesterday
Ø
Past
continuous tense
Subyek + Was/were + Being + Past Participle
Active : He was drinking
some water
Passive : Some water was
being drunk by him
Ø
Past Perfect
Tense
Subyek + Had been + Past Participle
Active : She has taken her
bag
Passive : Her bag had been
taken by her
Ø
Past Perfect
Continuous Tense
Subyek + Had been + Being + Past Participle
Active : He had been
riding a motorcycle
Passive : A motorcycle had
been being ridden by him
Ø
Simple Future
Tense
Subyek + Will + Be + Past Participle
Active : They will buy
some books
Passive : Some books will
be bought by them
Ø
Future
Continuous Tense
Subyek + Will + Be + Being + Past Participle
Active : She will be
playing the piano
Passive : The piano will be
being played by her
Ø
Future
Perfect Tense
Subyek + Will + Have been + Past Participle
Active : They will have
finished that work
Passive : That work will
have been finished by them
Ø
Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
Subyek + Will + Have been + Being + Past Participle
Active : He will have been
playing tennis
Passive : Tennis will have
been being played by him
Ø
Future Past
Tense
Subyek + Would + Be + Past Participle
Active : He would open the
door
Passive : The door would be
opened by him
Ø
Future Past
Continuous Tense
Subyek + Would + Be + Being + Past Participle
Active : They would be
playing tennis
Passive : Tennis would be
being played by them
Ø
Future Past
Perfect Tense
Subyek + Would + Have been + Past Participle
Active : She would have
finished that work
Passive : That work would
have been finished by her
Ø
Future Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
Subyek + Would + Have been + Being + Past Participle
Active : He would have
been painting the mouse
Passive : The house would
have been being painted by him
Ø
Passive
Voice Infinitive
(to) be + Past Participle
1.
To be
accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
2.
Everyone
needs to be loved. (Object)
3.
He is the
man to be trused for all the things. (Modifier)
Ø Passive Voice Gerund
Being + past participle
1.
Being
accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
2.
My brother
enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)
3.
My brother’s
happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)
Rumus Prepositional Passive
Active
Voice:
S + verbintransitive + preposition + object of
preposition
Prepositional
Passive*:
S (Object
of Preposition) + auxiliary verb + past participle intransitive + preposition
|
No
|
Contoh Kalimat Active Voice
|
Contoh Kalimat Prepositional Passive
|
|
1
|
The man sometimes swims in the
ocean.
|
The ocean is sometimes swum in by
the the man.
|
|
2
|
More than 200 million people live
in Indonesia.
|
Indonesia is lived in by more than
200 million people.
|
|
3
|
Everybody laughed at the
scientist.
|
The scientist was laughed at by
everybody.
|
|
4
|
He accidentally ran over my RC
car.
|
My RC car was accidentally run
over by him.
|
USING THE PASSIVE
|
a.
Rice is
grown in India.
b. Our house was built in 1890.
c. This olive oil was importedfrom Spain.
|
Usually
the passive is used without a “ by phrase.” The passive is most frequently used when it
is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.
In (a):
Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. In sentence (a), it
is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.
(a), (b),
and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without the “by phrase.”
|
|
d. Life on the Mississippiwas written by Mark Twain.
|
The “by phrase” is included only
if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d), by Mark
Twain is important information.
|
|
e. My aunt made this rug. (active)
f. This rug was made by my aunt. That rug was made by my mother.
|
 If the speaker/writer knows who performs an
action, usually the active is used, as in (e).
The
passive may be used with the “by phrase”
instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus attention on the
subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs.
|
Sumber
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-passive-voice
Buku SPMB Konsultan Pendidikan Salemba Group divisi bimbingan tes alumni, Salemba, Jakarta
Hariyanto Doni-Drs.Rudy Hariyono. English Grammar For General Application. 2003. Gitamedia Press. Surabaya
